• Computational planning and imaging-based verification emerged as a central paradigm in radiotherapy, integrating dose-distribution modeling, multi-field optimization and interactive planning interfaces underpinned by three-dimensional planning and CT-based corrections [5], [8], [17], [14], [9].

• Localization accuracy and imaging-based verification methods became essential to ensure irradiation of the correct target, using in-room imaging, surface outlines, and dedicated localization error assessment techniques [6], [9], [11].

• Radiobiological modeling and dose-fractionation theory framed treatment equivalence, exploring iso-survival relationships, protracted versus acute regimens and fractionation effects across photon and neutron RBE contexts [2], [1], [3], [12], [13].

• Dosimetry measurements and beam characterization, including tissue-equivalence, neutron/californium sources, and corrections for tissue inhomogeneities essential for accurate dose extrapolation and planning [15], [18], [20], [10], [19].

• Neutron-based radiotherapy hardware, clinical translation and outcome assessment, encompassing experimental fast-neutron units, cyclotron beams and clinical impact including RBE considerations and tissue effects [4], [10], [7], [12], [3].